Semiconductor structures

ABSTRACT

Semiconductor structures including an etch stop material between a substrate and a stack of alternating insulating materials and first conductive materials, wherein the etch stop material comprises an amorphous aluminum oxide on the substrate and a crystalline aluminum oxide on the amorphous aluminum oxide; a channel material extending through the stack; and a second conductive material between the channel material and at least one of the first conductive materials in the stack of alternating insulating materials and first conductive materials, wherein the second conductive material is not between the channel material and the etch stop material. Also disclosed are methods of fabricating such semiconductor structures.

FIELD

The present disclosure, in various embodiments, relates generally tosemiconductor device design and fabrication. More particularly, thepresent disclosure relates to design and fabrication of memory deviceshaving three-dimensionally arranged memory cells.

BACKGROUND

Semiconductor memory devices may be classified into volatile memorydevices and nonvolatile memory devices. In contrast to volatile memorydevices, nonvolatile memory devices, such as flash memory devices,retain stored data even when power is removed. Therefore, nonvolatilememory devices, such as flash memory devices, are widely used in memorycards and in electronic devices such as mobile communication terminals.

Flash memory devices have been used in a wide range of electronicapplications, such as portable computers, personal digital assistants(PDAs), digital cameras, portable music players, and cellulartelephones. A conventional flash memory has a memory array that includesa large number of memory cells arranged in row and column fashion. Eachof the memory cells includes a floating gate field-effect transistorconfigured to hold a charge. The memory cells are usually grouped intoblocks. Each of the cells within a block can be electrically programmedin a random basis by charging the floating gate. The charge can beremoved from the floating gate by a block erase operation. The data in acell is determined by the presence or absence of the charge in thefloating gate. Flash memory devices may be classified as NAND type andNOR type devices according to the structure of their cell arrays. In NORflash devices, a column of memory cells are coupled in parallel witheach memory cell coupled to a bit line. In NAND flash devices, a columnof memory cells are coupled in series with only the first memory cell ofthe column coupled to a bit line.

Due to rapidly growing digital information technology, there are demandsto continuingly increase the memory density of the flash memory deviceswhile maintaining, if not reducing, the size of the devices. Threedimensional (3D)-NAND flash memory devices have been investigated forincreasing the memory density.

Fabrication of a conventional 3D-NAND flash memory device requirescreating high aspect ratio openings (e.g., an aspect ratio of at least20:1) in a stack of alternating insulating materials and conductivematerials on a substrate. The openings are formed by etching the stackof alternating insulating materials and conductive materials. To preventetching of the substrate, an etch stop material is present between thesubstrate and the stack of alternating materials. However, selecting amaterial as the etch stop that meets stringent wet clean selectivityrequirements is a challenge. When amorphous aluminum oxide is used asthe etch stop material, recesses formed in the amorphous aluminum oxidemay become filled with polysilicon during later processing acts. Theundesirable residual polysilicon in these recesses jeopardizes thecontrollability of the channel characteristics and the reliability ofthe 3D-NAND flash memory device. Therefore, it would be beneficial tohave an etch stop material that meets stringent wet clean selectivityrequirements and minimizes, if not eliminates, the formation of theresidual polysilicon in the recesses in the amorphous aluminum oxide.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1-12 are cross-sectional views of various stages in the formationof a semiconductor structure having an etch stop material comprisingamorphous aluminum oxide and crystalline aluminum oxide, according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description provides specific details, such as materialtypes, material thicknesses, and processing conditions in order toprovide a thorough description of embodiments of the disclosure.However, a person of ordinary skill in the art will understand thatembodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced without employingthese specific details. Indeed, the embodiments of the presentdisclosure may be practiced in conjunction with conventional fabricationtechniques employed in the industry.

In addition, the description provided herein does not form a completeprocess flow for forming a semiconductor device structure, and thesemiconductor device structures described below do not form a completesemiconductor device. Only those process acts and structures necessaryto understand the embodiments of the present disclosure are described indetail below. Additional acts to form the complete semiconductor devicemay be performed by conventional fabrication techniques. Also thedrawings accompanying the application are for illustrative purposesonly, and are thus not drawn to scale. Elements common between figuresmay retain the same numerical designation. Furthermore, while thematerials described and illustrated herein may be formed as layers, thematerials are not limited thereto and may be formed in otherthree-dimensional configurations.

As used herein, any relational terms, such as “first,” “second” and“third,” or “top” and “bottom,” are used for clarity and convenience inunderstanding the present disclosure and accompanying drawings and doesnot connote or depend on any specific preference, orientation or order.It is understood that, although the terms “first,” “second” and “third”are used herein to describe various elements, these elements should notbe limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish oneelement from another.

As used herein, the term “substantially,” in reference to a givenparameter, property or condition, means to a degree that one of ordinaryskill in the art would understand that the given parameter, property, orcondition is met with a small degree of variance, such as withinacceptable manufacturing tolerances.

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to semiconductorstructures, such as flash memory devices (e.g., 3D-NAND flash memorydevices), having an etch stop material that includes an amorphousaluminum oxide and a crystalline aluminum oxide, and to methods offabricating these structures. By utilizing aluminum oxide exhibiting twodifferent structures, portions of the etch stop material may beselectively etchable. As used herein, the term “selectively etchable”means and includes removing the amorphous aluminum oxide at an etch rateof at least approximately two times greater than that of the crystallinealuminum oxide when exposed to the same etch chemistry. In oneembodiment, the amorphous aluminum oxide exhibits an etch rate of atleast approximately ten times greater than that of the crystallinealuminum oxide when exposed to the same etch chemistry, such as a wetetch chemistry.

As described below, the etch stop material may be used in thepreparation of semiconductor structures, such as 3D-NAND flash memorydevices. However, it will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skillin the art that the materials and processes described herein may be usedin various other applications. In other words, the etch stop material ofthe present disclosure may be used in other applications where it isdesirable to selectively remove one component (e.g., portion) of theetch stop material relative to other components (e.g., portions) of theetch stop material using a wet etch process.

FIGS. 1-12 are cross-sectional views of various stages of forming aplurality of floating gates for 3D-NAND flash memory device according toan embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1 shows a semiconductor structure 100 including a substrate 102, astack 107 of alternating insulating materials 108 and first conductivematerials 110, and an etch stop material 105 between the substrate 102and the stack 107 of alternating insulating materials 108 and firstconductive materials 110. The insulating materials 108 may compriseoxide-based materials and the first conductive materials 110 maycomprise polysilicon-based materials. The etch stop material 105includes an amorphous aluminum oxide 104 in contact with the substrate102, and a crystalline aluminum oxide 106 in contact with the amorphousaluminum oxide 104. In some embodiments, the crystalline aluminum oxide106 may be positioned between the amorphous aluminum oxide 104 and thelowermost insulating material 108 of the stack 107 of alternatinginsulating materials 108 and first conductive materials 110, as shown inFIG. 1. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the crystalline aluminumoxide 106 may be positioned between the amorphous aluminum oxide 104 andthe lowermost conductive materials 110 of the stack 107 of alternatinginsulating materials 108 and first conductive materials 110. Due totheir different crystalline structures, the amorphous aluminum oxide 104and crystalline aluminum oxide 106 may be selectively etchable withrespect to each other in that the amorphous aluminum oxide 104 isremoved at a faster rate than the crystalline aluminum oxide 106. By wayof example, the amorphous aluminum oxide 104 may be removed, e.g.,etched, at an etch rate of at least approximately two times greater thanthat of the crystalline aluminum oxide 106 when exposed to the same etchchemistry. In one embodiment, the amorphous aluminum oxide 104 has anetch rate of at least approximately ten times greater than that of thecrystalline aluminum oxide 106 when exposed to the same etch chemistry,such as a wet etch chemistry.

As used herein, the term “substrate” means and includes a base materialor construction upon which additional materials are formed. Thesubstrate may be a semiconductor substrate, a base semiconductormaterial on a supporting structure, a metal electrode or a semiconductorsubstrate having one or more materials, structures or regions formedthereon. The substrate may be a conventional silicon substrate, or otherbulk substrate comprising a layer of semiconductive material. As usedherein, the term “bulk substrate” means and includes not only siliconwafers, but also silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates, such assilicon-on-sapphire (SOS) substrates and silicon-on-glass (SOG)substrates, epitaxial layers of silicon on a base semiconductorfoundation, or other semiconductor or optoelectronic materials, such assilicon-germanium (Si_(1-x)Ge_(x), where x is, for example, a molefraction between 0.2 and 0.8), germanium (Ge), gallium arsenide (GaAs),gallium nitride (GaN), or indium phosphide (InP), among others. Thesubstrate may be doped or undoped. Furthermore, when reference is madeto a “substrate” in the following description, previous process stagesmay have been utilized to form materials, regions, or junctions in thebase semiconductor structure or foundation. In one embodiment, thesubstrate is a silicon-containing material, such as a silicon substrate.

As shown in FIG. 1, the semiconductor structure 100 may include blanketfilms of the respective materials. The amorphous aluminum oxide 104 andcrystalline aluminum oxide 106 may be formed on the substrate 102 by anyconventional method including, but not limited to, chemical vapordeposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), physical vapordeposition (PVD), or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, theamorphous aluminum oxide 104 and crystalline aluminum oxide 106 may beformed by PVD. The etch stop material 105 including the amorphousaluminum oxide 104 and crystalline aluminum oxide 106 may be formed atany thickness sufficient for the material to function as an etch stopwhile a dry etching process is performed on the semiconductor structure100. The thickness of the etch stop material 105 (e.g., the combinedthickness of the amorphous aluminum oxide 104 and the crystallinealuminum oxide 106) may be about equal to the thickness of aconventional amorphous aluminum oxide material utilized as an etch stopmaterial. The thickness of the amorphous aluminum oxide 104 may accountfor a majority of the thickness of the etch stop material 105, with thecrystalline aluminum oxide 106 accounting for the remainder of thethickness.

In some embodiments, the formation of amorphous aluminum oxide 104 maybe conducted in a different reaction chamber from the formation ofcrystalline aluminum oxide 106. By way of non-limiting example, theamorphous aluminum oxide 104 may be formed on the surface of thesubstrate 102 in a first chamber, and then the crystalline aluminumoxide 106 may be formed on the amorphous aluminum oxide 104 in a secondchamber. Alternatively, the amorphous aluminum oxide 104 and crystallinealuminum oxide 106 may be formed in the same reaction chamber, where theamorphous aluminum oxide 104 may be formed on the surface of thesubstrate 102, followed by the formation of the crystalline aluminumoxide 106 on the amorphous aluminum oxide 104. Various processconditions may be used to form the aluminum oxide in the desired state(amorphous or crystalline) and at a desired thickness. By way ofnon-limiting example, the process conditions may include adjusting thedeposition temperature, the components and ratio of the components of asputter gas, or the applied energy. In some embodiments, aluminum oxidemay be deposited using an aluminum oxide target and argon as a sputtergas. In other embodiments, an aluminum target may be used with a mixtureof argon and oxygen as a sputter gas. In some embodiments, the amorphousaluminum oxide 104 may be formed by a PVD process at a temperature up toabout 450° C. In some embodiments, the crystalline aluminum oxide 106may be formed by pulse DC sputtering an aluminum target. In stillfurther embodiments, an initial amorphous aluminum oxide 104 may beformed, and chamber temperature increased to about 600° C. to transforman upper portion of the amorphous aluminum oxide 104 to crystallinealuminum oxide 106.

Any conventional method for forming the stack 107 of alternating firstinsulating materials 108 and first conductive materials 110 may be usedand, therefore, is not described in detail herein. Any knownelectrically insulating material may be used for the first insulatingmaterial 108. By way of non-limiting example, the first insulatingmaterial 108 may comprise silicon oxide, silicon nitride, siliconoxynitride, or another high-k insulating material. In one embodiment,the first insulating material 108 is silicon oxide. In one embodiment,the first conductive material 110 is polysilicon. The polysilicon may ben-doped polysilicon, p-doped polysilicon, or undoped polysilicon.

Referring to FIG. 2, the semiconductor structure 100 of FIG. 1 issubjected to an anisotropic dry etch process to create an opening 200through the stack 107 of alternating insulating materials 108 and firstconductive materials 110, exposing the surface of the crystallinealuminum oxide 106. Since the dry etch process is selective for thematerials of the stack 107 of alternating insulating materials 108 andfirst conductive materials 110, the dry etch process may notsubstantially remove the crystalline aluminum oxide 106 of the etch stop105. The opening 200 may be formed using any conventional dry etchchemistry (i.e., a reactive ion etch), which is not described in detailherein. In one embodiment, the opening 200 has an aspect ratio of atleast 20:1. The semiconductor structure 100 may include one opening 200or more than one openings in the substrate 102.

As shown in FIG. 3, at least a portion of each of the first conductivematerials 110 of the stack 107 of alternating insulating materials 108and first conductive materials 110 may be selectively removed relativeto adjacent insulating materials 108 to create a plurality of firstrecesses 300 adjacent the first conductive materials 110. The firstrecesses 300 may be formed by laterally removing portions of the firstconductive materials 110. Following the removal, the first insulatingmaterials 108 may extend beyond the remaining first conductive materials110, providing upper and lower boundaries of the first recesses 300. Insome embodiments, the selective removal of the first conductive material110 may be achieved by wet etching the semiconductor structure 100 usinga solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH).

After removing a portion of the crystalline aluminum oxide 106, thesemiconductor structure 100 is subjected to a wet etch process to exposethe surface of the substrate 102 as shown in FIG. 4. The wet etchprocess removes the amorphous aluminum oxide 104 at a substantiallyfaster rate than the crystalline aluminum oxide 106, providing aselective removal of the amorphous aluminum oxide 104 and resulting information of second recesses 400 adjacent the amorphous aluminum oxide104. While FIG. 4 illustrates that sidewalls of the amorphous aluminumoxide 104 may be sloped following the wet etch process, the sidewallsmay in practice be substantially vertical, depending on the wet etchprocess used. The second recesses 400 may be formed proximal to aninterface between the amorphous aluminum oxide 104 and the crystallinealuminum oxide 106. Due to the etch selectivity for amorphous aluminumoxide 104 over crystalline aluminum oxide 106 in forming second recesses400, the crystalline aluminum oxide 106 may laterally extend over theamorphous aluminum oxide 104. Any suitable wet etch chemistry may beused to remove the portion of the amorphous aluminum oxide 104. In someembodiments, an aqueous solution of dilute hydrofluoric acid at a 2000:1ratio (deionized water:HF) may be used.

FIGS. 3 and 4 show that the selective removal of the first conductivematerial 110 to form the first recesses 300 may be performed prior tothe removal of the crystalline aluminum oxide 106 and the amorphousaluminum oxide 104 to expose the surface of the substrate 102. One ofordinary skill understands that, alternatively, the removal of thecrystalline aluminum oxide 106 and the amorphous aluminum oxide 104 toexpose the surface of the substrate 102 may be performed prior to theselective removal of the first conductive material 110.

Referring to FIG. 5, a first dielectric material 112, such as an oxidematerial, may be selectively formed over the sidewalls of the firstconductive materials 110 in the plurality of the first recesses 300. Insome embodiments, the first dielectric material 112 may be siliconoxide. Any conventional method for forming a dielectric material may beused. By way of non-limiting example, the dielectric material may begrown or formed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), atomic layerdeposition (ALD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), or combinationsthereof. To selectively form the first dielectric material 112, thefirst dielectric material 112 may be grown on the first conductivematerial 110. Thus, sidewalls of the first insulating materials 108, thecrystalline aluminum oxide 106, and the amorphous aluminum oxide 104 mayremain substantially free of the first dielectric material 112.

In FIG. 6, a second dielectric material 114 such as a nitride materialis formed substantially conformally on the exposed surfaces of theinsulating materials 108, the first dielectric materials 112 in theplurality of the first recesses 300, the crystalline aluminum oxide 106,and the amorphous aluminum oxide 104. Additionally, the seconddielectric material 114 may be formed conformally on the floor of theopening 200. As shown in FIG. 6, the second dielectric material 114occupies at least a portion of the volume of the second recesses 400,reducing the volume of the second recesses 400. In some embodiments, thesecond dielectric material 114 is silicon nitride. Any conventionalmethod for forming the nitride material may be used and, therefore, isnot described in detail herein.

A third dielectric material 116 may be formed substantially conformallyover the second dielectric material 114, providing the semiconductorstructure 100 of FIG. 7. The third dielectric material 116 may be formedover the second dielectric material 114 to substantially fill the volumeof the second recesses 400 proximal the interface between the amorphousaluminum oxide 104 and the crystalline aluminum oxide 106. Since thevolume of the second recesses 400 is substantially filled with thematerial comprising the second dielectric material 114 and the thirddielectric material 116, subsequently formed materials, such as a secondconductive material, cannot fill the second recesses 400. Therefore, theformation of undesirable residual polysilicon in the second recesses 400may be minimized, if not eliminated. Any conventional method for formingthe third dielectric material 116 may be used, such as chemical vapordeposition (CVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), physical vapordeposition (PVD), or combinations thereof. The third dielectric material116 may include silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, oranother high-k insulating material. In some embodiments, the thirddielectric material 116 is silicon oxide. The first and third dielectricmaterials 112, 116, respectively, may be independently selected so thatthe same or different materials are used. Depending on the materialsselected, the semiconductor structure 100 may include anoxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) structure material of the third dielectricoxide material 116—the second dielectric nitride material 114—the firstdielectric oxide material 112 on at least the area proximate the firstrecesses 300 on the sidewalls of the opening 200. In some embodiments,the thickness of the ONO structure may be about 150 Å.

The thicknesses of the second dielectric material 114 and the thirddielectric material 116 may be selected to substantially occupy thevolume of the second recesses 400. In some embodiments, the depth of thesecond recesses 400, which is dependent on the thickness of theamorphous aluminum oxide 104, may be about twice the combinedthicknesses of the second dielectric material 114 and the thirddielectric material 116, or less.

Referring to FIG. 8, a second conductive material 118 may be formed overthe third dielectric material 116 to fill the remaining volume of theplurality of the first recesses 300. By way of non-limiting example, thesecond conductive material 118 may comprise silicon, germanium, orsilicon germanium. In one embodiment, the second conductive material 118is polysilicon, such as n-doped polysilicon, p-doped polysilicon, orundoped polysilicon. The first and second conductive materials 110, 118,respectively, may be independently selected so that the same ordifferent conductive materials are used. In one embodiment, the firstand second conductive materials 110, 118 are polysilicon. Anyconventional method for forming the second conductive material 118 maybe used and, therefore, is not described in detail herein.

As the second recesses 400 are already substantially filled with thesecond dielectric material 114 and the third dielectric material 116,the second conductive material 118 may not form in the second recesses400. Therefore, the formation of undesirable residual polysilicon in thesecond recesses 400 may be minimized, if not eliminated.

Portions of the second conductive material 118 adjacent the firstinsulating materials 108, the etch stop material 105, and the substrate102 may be removed, leaving the second conductive material 120 only inthe first recesses 300, as shown in FIG. 9. Thus, the semiconductorstructure 100 includes a plurality of floating gates 120 that arediscrete and isolated from one another by the third dielectric material116—the second dielectric material 114—the first dielectric material112, and the insulating material 108.

The removal of the second conductive material 118 may be achieved byconventional methods, such as by a wet etch process, dry etch process,or a combination thereof. A dry etch may be performed with a high biaspower. In some embodiments, portions of the second conductive material118 may be removed by a vapor etch process. The method of removing thesecond conductive material 118 may depend on the types of material usedfor the second conductive material 118. For example, an n-dopedconductive material may be removed by a different process from a p-dopedor undoped conductive material. In some embodiments, a solution oftetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) may be used for the wet etchprocess. In some embodiments, a mixture of fluorine (F₂) and ammonia(NH₃) gases may be used for the vapor etch process.

Referring to FIG. 10, a channel material 900 may be formed in at leastone opening 200. By way of non-limiting example, the channel material900 may be a pillar of conductively doped polysilicon. Any conventionalmethod for forming the channel material 900 may be used and, therefore,is not described in detail herein.

As shown in FIG. 11, in some embodiments, at least a portion of theexposed third dielectric material 116 on the opening 200 may be removed.In addition, portions of the second conductive material 118 and thirddielectric material 116 in the first recesses 300 may be removed so thatexposed surfaces of the second conductive material 120 are planar withexposed surfaces of the second dielectric material 114. For example, thesecond conductive material 118 and the third dielectric material 116 maybe anisotropically dry or wet etched in a single act or in multiple actsto leave the second conductive material 120 only in the first recesses300. In FIG. 12, the channel material 900 is formed in at least oneopening 200.

The semiconductor structure 100 of FIGS. 10 and 12 may be subjected tofurther semiconductor processing. In one embodiment, the semiconductorstructure 100 may be further processed by conventional techniques toform a 3D-NAND flash memory device.

A semiconductor structure may comprise an etch stop material between asubstrate and a stack of alternating insulating materials and firstconductive materials, wherein the etch stop material comprises anamorphous aluminum oxide on the substrate and a crystalline aluminumoxide on the amorphous aluminum oxide; a channel material extendingthrough the stack; and a second conductive material between the channelmaterial and at least one of the first conductive materials in the stackof alternating insulating materials and first conductive materials,without the second conductive material between the channel material andthe etch stop material.

A semiconductor structure may comprise an etch stop material between asubstrate and a stack of alternating oxide-based materials andpolysilicon-based materials, the etch stop material comprising anamorphous aluminum oxide in contact with the substrate and a crystallinealuminum oxide in contact with the stack of the alternating oxide-basedmaterials and polysilicon-based materials; a channel material extendingthrough the stack; and a polysilicon-based material between the channelmaterial and at least one of the polysilicon-based materials in thestack of alternating oxide-based materials and polysilicon-basedmaterials, without the polysilicon-based material between the channelmaterial and the etch stop material.

FIGS. 1-12 illustrate one embodiment of the methods of forming aplurality of floating gates for 3D-NAND devices, and do not necessarilylimit the numbers of alternating insulating materials 108 and firstconductive materials 110 in the stack 107. In addition, the locations,numbers, and shapes of the floating gates 120, or the profile and shapeof the opening 200 over the substrate 102 are not limited to theillustrated embodiment.

Additionally, while the embodiments are described in connection with3D-NAND flash memory devices, the disclosure is not so limited. Thedisclosure is applicable to other semiconductor structures and memorydevices, which may employ floating gate structures.

While FIGS. 1-12 show one embodiment of the methods of formingsemiconductor structures having an etch stop material that comprisesamorphous aluminum oxide and crystalline aluminum oxide, one of ordinaryskill in the art will understand that the above-mentioned methods may beutilized for other applications and structures. Indeed, the methods ofthe present disclosure are not limited to the semiconductor structureshaving an etch stop material that comprises amorphous aluminum oxide andcrystalline aluminum oxide. Rather, the methods of the presentdisclosure may be used in any situations where an etch stop materialcomprises a first material and a second material in which the first andsecond materials are selectively etchable with respect to one another.For instance, the methods of the present disclosure may use other typesof etch stop materials as long as the etch stop material comprises afirst material and a second material having a wet etch selectivity tothe first material. By way of non-limiting example, the etch stopmaterials may be amorphous aluminum nitride/crystalline aluminum nitride(AlN), or amorphous aluminum oxide nitride/crystalline aluminum oxidenitride (AlON).

A semiconductor structure may comprise an etch stop material between asubstrate and a stack of alternating insulating materials and conductivematerials over a substrate, and a channel material extending through thestack, wherein the etch stop material comprises a first dielectricmaterial in contact with the substrate and a second dielectric materialin contact with the stack of the alternating insulating materials andconductive materials, the first dielectric material having a wet etchselectivity to the second dielectric material.

While the present disclosure is susceptible to various modifications andalternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way ofexample in the drawings and have been described in detail herein.However, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to theparticular forms disclosed. Rather, the present disclosure is to coverall modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within thescope of the present disclosure as defined by the following appendedclaims and their legal equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A semiconductor structure, comprising: an etchstop material between a substrate and a stack of alternating insulatingmaterials and first conductive materials, the etch stop materialcomprising an amorphous aluminum oxide on the substrate and acrystalline aluminum oxide on the amorphous aluminum oxide; a channelmaterial extending through the stack and into at least a portion of theetch stop material; and a second conductive material between the channelmaterial and at least one of the first conductive materials in the stackof alternating insulating materials and first conductive materials,wherein the second conductive material is not between the channelmaterial and the etch stop material.
 2. The semiconductor structure ofclaim 1, further comprising at least one of silicon oxide and siliconnitride between the channel material and the etch stop material.
 3. Thesemiconductor structure of claim 1, further comprising anoxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) structure material between the secondconductive material and the at least one of the first conductivematerials in the stack of alternating insulating materials and firstconductive materials.
 4. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, whereinthe first and second conductive materials are independently selectedfrom the group consisting of n-doped polysilicon, p-doped polysilicon,and undoped polysilicon.
 5. The semiconductor structure of claim 1,wherein the channel material comprises a pillar of conductively dopedpolysilicon.
 6. The semiconductor structure of claim 1, wherein thestack of alternating insulating materials and first conductive materialscomprises a stack of alternating oxide-based materials andpolysilicon-based materials, and the second conductive materialcomprises a polysilicon-based material.
 7. The semiconductor structureof claim 1, wherein the semiconductor structure comprises athree-dimensional NAND flash memory device.